ESG sebagai Determinan Kinerja Keuangan Bank: Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Perbankan
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Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Environmental, Social, dan Governance (ESG) terhadap kinerja keuangan perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2019-2023. Kinerja keuangan diukur menggunakan Return on Assets (ROA), sedangkan kinerja ESG diproksikan melalui skor pengungkapan Environmental, Social, dan Governance berdasarkan standar Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan data skunder yang diperoleh dari laporan tahunan, laporan berkelanjutan, dan laporan keuangan perusahaan. Sampel penelitian terdiri atas 9 perusahaan perbankan yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, sehingga diperoleh 42 observasi perusahaan-tahun. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan regresi linier berganda dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial variabel Environmental, Social, dan Governance tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Return on Assets (ROA). Nilai signifikan masing-masing variabel adalah 0,549 untuk Environmental 0,673 untuk Social, dan 0,969 untuk Governance, yang seluruhnya lebih besar dari tingkat signifikansi 0,05. Selain itu, hasil uji simultan menunjukkan bahwa Environmental, Social dan Governance secara bersama-sama tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ROA dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,633. Nilai koefisien determinasi (R²) sebesar 0,044 menunjukkan bahwa variabel ESG hanya mampu menjelaskan 4,4% variasi kinerja keuangan perusahaan, sedangkan sisanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain diluar model penelitian. Temuan ini mengindikasikan implementasi ESG perbankan belum menjadi determinan utama kinerja keuangan jangka pendek. Manfaat ESG lebih berkaitan dengan reputasi, nilai jangka panjang, dan pengelolaan risiko dibanding profitabilitas ROA.
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